TIJJANIYAH

Foundation of the order
Sīdī 'Aḥmad al-Tijānī (1737-1815), who was born in Algeria and died in Fez, Morocco, founded the Tijānī order around 1781 (see Triaud, 2000). Tijānī Islam, an "Islam for the poor," reacted against the conservative, hierarchical Qadiriyyah brotherhood then dominant, focusing on social reform and grass-roots Islamic revival.

[edit] Expansion in West Africa
Although several other Sufi orders overshadow the Tijāniyyah in its birthplace of North Africa, the order has become the largest Sufi order in West Africa and continues to expand rapidly. It was brought to southern Mauritania around 1789 by Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ of the 'Idaw `Ali tribe, which was known for its many Islamic scholars and leaders and was predominantly Qādirī at the time. Nearly the entire tribe became Tijānī during Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ's lifetime, and the tribe's influence would facilitate the Tijāniyya's rapid expansion to sub-Saharan Africa.
Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ's disciple Mawlūd Vāl initiated the 19th-century Hal Pulaar leader Al-Ḥājj Omar Tall (Allaaji Omar Taal) and the Fulbe cleric `Abd al-Karīm an-Nāqil from Futa Jalon (modern Guinea) into the order. After receiving instruction from Muḥammad al-Ghālī from 1828 to 1830 in Makka, Omar Tall was appointed Khalīfa (successor or head representative) of Aḥmed at-Tijānī for all of the Western Sudan (Western sub-Saharan Africa). Umar Tall then led a holy war against what he saw as corrupt regimes in the area, resulting in a large but fleeting empire in Eastern Senegal and Mali. While Omar Tall's political empire soon gave way to French colonialism, the more long-standing result was to spread Islam and the Tijānī Order through much of what is now Senegal, Guinea, and Mali (see Robinson, 1985).
In Senegal's Wolof country, especially the northern regions of Kajoor and Jolof, the Tijānī Order was spread primarily by El-Hajj Malick Sy (spelled "El-Hadji Malick Sy" in French, "Allaaji Maalig Si" in Wolof), born in 1855 near Dagana. In 1902, he founded a zāwiya (religious center) in Tivaouane (Tiwaawan), which became a center for Islamic education and culture under his leadership. Upon Malick Sy's death in 1922, his son Ababacar Sy (Abaabakar Sy) became the first Caliph (Xaliifa). Serigne Mansour Sy became the present Caliph in 1997, upon the death of Abdoul Aziz Sy. The Gàmmu (Mawlid in Arabic, the celebration of the birth of Muḥammad) of Tivaouane gathers many followers each year.
The "house" or branch of Tivaouane is not the only branch of the Tijānī order in Senegal. The Tijānī order was spread to the south by another jihadist, Màbba Jaxu Ba, a contemporary of Umar Tall who founded a similar Islamic state in Senegal's Saalum area. After Màbba's death, his state crumbled but the Tijāniyya remained the predominant Sufi order in the region, and Abdoulaye Niass (1840–1922) became the most important representative of the order in the Saalum, having immigrated southward from the Jolof and, after exile in Gambia due to tensions with the French, returned to establish a zāwiya in the city of Kaolack.
The branch founded by Abdoulaye Niass's son, Al-Hadj Ibrahima Niass (Allaaji Ibrayima Ñas, often called "Baye" or "Baay", which is "father" in Wolof), in the Kaolack suburb of Medina Baye in 1930, has become by far the largest and most visible Tijānī branch around the world today. Ibrahima Niass's teaching that all disciples, and not only specialists, can attain a direct mystical knowledge of God through tarbiyyah rūhiyyah (mystical education) has struck a chord with millions worldwide. This branch, known as the Tijāniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah or the Fayḍah ("Flood"), is most concentrated in Senegal, Nigeria, Niger, and Mauritania, and has a growing presence in the United States and Europe. Most Tijānī web sites and international organizations are part of this movement. Niass's grandson and current Imam of Medina Baye, Shaykh Hassan Cisse, has thousands of American disciples and has founded a large educational and developmental organization, the African American Islamic Institute, in Medina Baye with branches in other parts of the world.
Another Senegalese "house," in Medina-Gounass, Senegal (to the east of the Niokolo Koba park) was created by Mamadou Saidou Ba.
Still another in Thienaba, near Thies, was founded by the disciple of a famous marabout of Fouta, Amadou Sekhou.
The Hamawiyyah branch, founded by Shaykh Hamallah, is centered in Nioro, Mali, and is also present in Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and Niger. One of its most prominent members is the novelist and historian Amadou Hampâté Bâ, who preserved and advocated the teachings of Thierno Bokar (Cerno Bokar), the "Sage of Banjagara". (See Brenner, 2000.)
Also another scholar and sufi of the tariqa tijani was CHERNO ALIEU DEM of Njai Kunda (Koalack) Senegal. He was well known for his work when he performs 'wirrda' 1000 Salatul Fatiha for each grain of maize. Cherno Alieu Dem's work was later reveal in the next generation by his grandson Shieck Ahmad Tijan Dem of 'casaville' Kaolack Senegal. The Tariqa Tijani was giving to Cherno Momodou Jallow by Alhajie Omar Futi Tall directly. It was Cherno Momodou Jallow that spread the Tariqa in the Senegambian region. He passed it on to many scholars of the region like Mam Mass Kah who's grand son Imam Cherno Kah is the current Imam of Banjul. Cherno Momodou Jallow's work was also revealed by his grandson Cherno Baba Jallow of Kerr Cherno in Nuimi The Gambia.

[edit] Tijaniyah jihad states
While the term "Jihad State" (a territory that was established by political and religious Muslim leaders, often fittingly titled Emir, who conquer a region by offensive war, invoking Jihad bin saif in the sense of holy war to establish an Islamic rule in accordance with Koranic injuctions) most often refers to Fulbe jihad states in and around Nigeria, the order also gave rise to a few elsewhere in Western Africa, notably in present Mali.
the Tijaniyya Jihad state was founded on 10 March 1861 by `Umar ibn Sa`id in Segu (the traditional ruler style Fama was continued by the autochthonous dynasty in part of the state until the 1893 French takeover), using the ruler title Imam, also styled Amir al-Muslimin; in 1862 Masina (ruler title Ardo) is incorporated into Tijaniyya Jihad state; 1864 the rulership split between Segu (styled Amir al-Mu`minin from 1869) and Masina (title Amir al-Mu´minin); 1888 Segu lost to Tijaniyya Jihad state; 29 April 1893 Tijaniyya Jihad state extinguished.
Dina (the Sise Jihad state), in 1818 founded by Shaykhu Ahmadu, ruler title Imam (also styled Amir al-Mu´minin); on 16 May 1862 conquered by the Tijaniyya Jihad state.

[edit] Practices
Members of the Tijānī order distinguish themselves by a number of practices. Upon entering the order, one receives the Tijānī wird from a muqaddam or representative of the order. The muqaddam explains to the initiate the duties of the order, which include keeping the basic tenets of Islam (including the five pillars of Islam), to honor and respect one's parents, and not to follow another Sufi order in addition to the Tijāniyya. Initiates are to pronounce the Tijānī wird (a process that usually takes ten to fifteen minutes) every morning and afternoon. The wird is a formula that includes repetitions of "Lā 'ilāha 'ilā Llāh" ("There is no God but Allah"), "Astaghfiru Llāh" ("I ask God for forgiveness"), and a prayer for Muḥammad called the Ṣalātu l-Fātiḥ (Prayer of the Opener). They are also to participate in the Waẓīfah, a similar formula that is chanted as a group, often at a mosque, after the sundown prayer (maghrib), as well as in the Ḥaḍarat al-Jumʿah, another formula chanted among other disciples on Friday afternoon.
Additionally, disciples in many areas organize regular meetings, often on Thursday evenings or before or after Waẓīfa and Ḥaḍarat al-Jumʿah, to engage in dhikr Allāh, or mentioning God. This consists in repeating the phrase "Lā 'ilāha 'ilā Llāh" or simply "Allāh" as a group. In such meetings, poems praising God, Muḥammad, Aḥmed at-Tijānī, or another religious leader may be interspersed with the dhikr. Such meetings may involve simple repetition as a group or call-response, in which one or more leaders lead the chant and others repeat or otherwise respond.
Occasionally, a group of disciples (known in Senegal as a daayira, from Arabic dā'irah, or "circle") may organize a religious conference, where they will invite one or more well known speakers or chanters to speak on a given theme, such as the life of Muḥammad or another religious leader, a particular religious obligation such as fasting during Ramadan, or the nature of God.
The most important communal event of the year for most Tijānī groups is the Mawlid an-nabawī (known in Wolof as the Gàmmu, spelled Gamou in French), or the celebration of the birth of Muḥammad, which falls on the night of the 12th of the Islamic month of Rabīʿ al-'Awwal (which means the night before the 12th, as Islamic dates start at sundown and not at midnight). Most major Tijānī religious centers organize a large Mawlid event once a year, and hundreds of thousands of disciples attend the largest ones (in Tivaouane, Kaolack, Kano, etc.) Throughout the year, local communities organize smaller Mawlid celebrations. These meetings usually go from about midnight until shortly after dawn and include hours of dhikr and poetry chanting and speeches about the life of Muḥammad.

MA BA DIACKOU

Maba Diakhou Bâ
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Maba Diakhou Bâ (also Ma Ba Diakhu, Ma Ba Diakho Ba, Ma Ba Jaaxu, Màbba Jaxu Ba) (1809 - July 1867), born at Tavacaltou. A marabout from Rip, and a disciple of the Tijaniyya sufi brotherhood, he became leader (Almamy) of Saloum.
A descendant of the Fulani dynasty of Dényankobé, from the branch of the Bâ family in the region of Badibou, Maba Diakhou Bâ combined political and religious goals in an attempt to reform or overthrow previous animist monarchies, and resist French encroachment. He is in a tradition of Fulani jihad leaders who revolutionized the states of West Africa at the time of colonialism.
Maba Diakhou Bâ founded the city of Nioro in Rip, and the village of Keur Maba Diakhou near Kaolack is named for him.

Ceerno Aamadu Caam e Aliw Yero Sih ( hoyreejo Hebetere )

Ceerno Aamadu caam wazi njillu laaztungu hikka e nder dowlaaji dennduzi Amerik, sabu o yilliima e nder gure keewze, o yahi ko wiyatee Kilivland, Kolumbus, Sinsinaayti, Florence,KY, Atlanta Gorgia, New york Ny, gure kewze gozze, zuum noon ko seede wonde ko omo njogi jokkondiral keeringal e nder Amerik.

Sabu Amerik ko leydi mawndi, kadi ko nokku haajuuji, sabu saha o ine faazi no feewi, wonaa no ngaadorizen ni, sabu to Afrik, sahaa ine yaaji, gooto fof ko e golle hoyre mum woni, kono zo, gooto fof ko e renndinde waktuuji e wazde njeylaare ngam roptude dolaar, so zuum alaa ko zoyngol, fax, telefon walla yo6de waktuuji mum, so zuum alaa ko defgol.

Kono Ceerno Aamadu ja66aamaa, kadi ful6e teddiniimo no haaniri ni.

6e njaaraama sanne

Fotooje men

Njillu Ceerno Aamadu Caam To dowlaaji dennduzi Amerik e hitaande 2008 e lewru bowte , Ceerno Aamadu Caam ko o gooto e nder 6esngu boynaaji, kadi ko aadee ceedtanaazo waawde ko o woni e gollude ko, sabu moxxere makko e nuuznude makko woni ko fawii e dow yankinaare makko mawnde nde hono mum heewaani e nder seernaa6e men hannde, wazi mi wiyde hannde sabu saha ko sahaa haalde ko heewaani laataade sabu tan ngalu aduna.
Ceernoi men Aamadu Caam o heewi taweede hannde ko e nder ndakaaru, kono omo heewi koyze to jeya to, sabu fahdemo aadee ko to jeya to woni doole makko, sabu hal-pulaar en mbiyi, doole liingu ko ndiyam.
E ngoozo foto omo wondi e mingiraa6e makko hono Aliw Yero Sih e Mammadu Ba, zizo 6e fof ko e makko njeyda e nokku gooto, kadi ko 6e joom enzam en, kawri zo.
Kala miijotoozo jokkondoirde e makko ine waawi jokkondirde e Aliw Sih e noddirgal mum zo e nder Amerik (1859 ) 282 1274 walla (1859) 866 3385 walla mbinndaa-mi e almuudopulaar@hotmail.com.
Aduna to gootel daraaki, hanki ko e saha lawakaagal, kohngu kane e humammbinnaagal, hannde zuum iwii, ha wayii no meezaani laataade e dow hayre fuutankoo6e, kon tan ine woodi nyaltiri hono mum e nder miijooji men walla e nder ngonka men.

On njaaraama

Personnel Enseignant

PERSONNEL ENSEIGNANT : Un vaste audit lancé sur l’étendue du territoire
Un vaste audit du personnel enseignant vient d’être lancé sur l’ensemble du territoire national. Il concerne les Maîtres contractuels (Mc), les Professeurs contractuels (Pc) ainsi que les volontaires.
Le ministre de l’Education chargé du Préscolaire, de l’Elémentaire et du Moyen secondaire, Kalidou Diallo, explique cet audit par le souci de disposer d’un fichier fiable. « L’objectif est d’avoir un fichier fiable et que les états de paiement correspondent au nombre d’enseignants sur le terrain », a expliqué M. Diallo joint au téléphone.
Il a rappelé que le gouvernement a signé une convention avec Ecobank pour que celle-ci puisse prendre en charge les salaires des Mc, Pc et Contractuels afin de pouvoir les payer dès la fin du mois, à charge au gouvernement de régulariser. Mais le problème, a expliqué le ministre, « c’est qu’il n’y a pas de fichier fiable », non sans préciser que les Académies ont été interpellées au début du mois de septembre, relancées en octobre, mais tout est resté sans suite. Aussi, cet audit cherche à corriger les incohérences entre le fichier des carrières géré par la Fonction publique, celui des salaires gérés par le ministère des Finances et le Dage du ministère et le fichier des enseignants utilisé réellement par le ministère, a indiqué Kalidou Diallo.
Le contrôle a été lancé en rapport avec les Pôles régionaux de formation (Prf), les Académies, les syndicats, les agents des Finances et les résultats seront remis à ces derniers dans un souci de transparence, a confirmé le ministre.
L’audit a démarré il y a 5 jours et se poursuit jusqu’au 30 mai 2009 dans les régions. Pour Dakar, le contrôle débutera dans la 2è moitié du mois de juin. Le ministre a regretté que le sous-secteur de l’enseignement technique et la formation professionnelle ne fasse pas partie, alors que de « beaucoup de ses enseignants sont payés par le ministère de l’Education ».

- Dans la zone sub-sahelienne le peuple plus nombreux (environ 6 millions d'individus) est représenté par les Foula ou Foulbé (sing. Poullo), connus dans la région avec une grande variété de noms : Peul (la dénomination française plus commune), Foulah, Foulani, Féllata, éparpillés un peu partout, souvent en association avec d’autres gens, sont divisées dans un grand nombre de groupes, dont les principaux sont ceux du Fouta Djallon, les Foulbé Fouta, et ceux du Fouta Toro (vallée du fleuve Sénégal), les AlPoularhen ; ils s'étendent avec moins de densité bien au-delà des limites de ces zones, du Nigeria interne au bassin du Tchad, jusqu'au Cameroun.Ce sont d'anciens habitants de l'extrême occident sudanièn et quelque auteur a cru de voir dans ce peuple des nomades "les rouges" (peut-être en indiquant avec ceci les reflets ambrés de leur peau) que des auteurs classiques déjà mentionnaient au-delà de la Mauritanie.- Beaucoup de conjectures, souvent fantastiques, ont été faites sur les origines de ce peuple : entre elles deux plus plausibles, celle d'une dérivation berbère et celle d'une connexion éthiopienne - chamite.